Photo Velvet, CC BY-SA 4.0
Navigation
Map, compass, sun, stars, and getting yourself unlost.
Aiming off and catching features
Navigation
Missing your target on purpose so you know which way to turn, and picking a line on the map that tells you when you have gone too far.
GPS and phone navigation
Navigation
Using a phone or a GPS in the woods with no signal: maps saved before you go, battery kept alive, and the paper map still in the pack.
Navigating without a compass
Navigation
Holding a direction with the sun, the land and the water.
Pacing and judging distance
Navigation
Knowing how far you have walked by counting your steps and watching the clock, so the map and the ground stay matched.
Reading a topo map
Navigation
Seeing hills, valleys and bogs in the brown lines, and knowing how far a centimetre really is.
Taking and walking a bearing
Navigation
Map and compass to a place you cannot see from where you stand.
When you are lost
Navigation
Stopping, working out where you are, and walking yourself back out.